Ongoing research is revealing that specific combinations of medications can effectively treat dissociative disorders, especially when they are comorbid with other psychiatric disorders.
Dissociative disordersare not as well understood as many other psychiatric conditions. They aremore controversial, and some clinicians have even questioned whether they exist. Dissociative disorders arehard to detectandunderdiagnosed, and as a result of these and other factors, there is no clear clinical consensus on the best treatment protocol for dissociative disorders.However, this is beginning to change. As mental health professionals develop a better understanding of the effects of trauma on the brain, they gain insight into the psychiatric conditions linked to it. This is especially important for dissociative disorders, which are now much better understood as conditions that develop inresponse to trauma.Clinicians are uncovering g that these once-mysterious disorders not only exist as distinct clinical phenomena but have shared features and respond well to the right treatments.
Medications for Treating Dissociative Disorders
No psychiatric medications directly treat the symptoms of dissociative disorders. However, ongoing research is revealing that specific combinations of medications can effectively treat dissociative conditions, especially when they are comorbid with otherpsychiatric disorders. By treating other underlying conditions that trigger dissociative symptoms, dissociative conditions are improved as well.
Antidepressants
Most people who have a dissociative disorder alsohave another psychiatric condition.As dissociative symptoms often develop in response to overwhelming emotional stress or pain, worsening depression and anxiety can trigger deeper and longer periods of dissociation.
Antidepressantscanstabilize mood and reduce intrusive symptomsthat trigger dissociation. Studies show that a combination ofselective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRI), a specific kind of antidepressant medication, and lamotrigine, an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer,is an effective treatment for dissociative disorders, especially depersonalization-derealization disorder.
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Anti-Anxiety Medications
Anxiety and dissociation are closely related. Both develop as responses to stress, trauma and chaos, and each can trigger the other.Treating anxiety symptoms can reduce the severity of dissociative symptoms.Someanxiolytic medicationsreduce hyperarousal and the intrusive symptoms of dissociative disorders. SSRIs are also commonly used to treat anxiety and are good choices for people with dissociative disorders.Benzodiazepinesare typically contraindicated because they typicallyexacerbate dissociation.
Anti-Psychotic Medications
Dissociative disorders are not psychotic disorders, and psychotic symptoms are rare in people with these disorders.Even so,antipsychotic medicationscan be used to treat dissociative disorders, just as they are used to treat awide range of non-psychotic psychiatric disorders. Atypical antipsychotic medications have been found tostabilize mood and to reduce anxiety and intrusive symptomsin people with dissociative disorders.
Therapy for Dissociative Disorder
While medications can be used to treat dissociative disorders,therapyis more commonly recommended as the best intervention. Different types of therapy address different aspects of dissociative disorders, and particular combinations of therapy modalities can be especially effective. Many modern therapists incorporate multiple treatment modalities in their work with clients for this reason.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Research shows thatcognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)is one of the most effective therapy modalities overall. It is especially effective to reduce the severity of a wide range of psychiatric symptoms. A primary focus of CBT is identifying negative or inaccurate thoughts and beliefs that drive painful emotions and maladaptive behaviors.
Specifically, in the case of dissociative disorders, CBT focuses on addressing obsessive thoughts thatexacerbate derealizationand on developing behaviors that counteract or distract from these thoughts. Behavioral treatment can also incorporate grounding techniques to counteract disembodiment and other dissociative symptoms.
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy
Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT)is a therapy style that was developed to treatborderline personality disorder.It incorporates elements of CBT, like identifying emotional triggers, as well as mindfulness practices that can improve distress tolerance and emotion regulation.
Given those borderline personality traits and dissociative symptoms often co-occur, it makes sense that DBT has been found to be effective for both. Themindfulness techniquesused in DBT, which includemeditation, breathing exercises, and additional self-soothing techniques, can counteract dissociative symptoms like depersonalization. Validation combats derealization by acknowledging the reality of a person’s emotional responses.
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Psychodynamic psychotherapyis an older and more traditional form of therapy based on the work of pioneering figures like Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. In this type of therapy, a person explores the effect of their past on their present, focusing on formative childhood experiences and a person’s relationship with their parents.
The main concept behind this style of therapy is that many negative behaviors developed as adaptations to stressful circumstances in childhood. To change these behaviors, a person must develop insight into their origins. Otherwise, emotional reactions remain unconscious. While this style of treatment has fallen out of fashion, it can still be an effective approach, especially for people with histories of trauma.
In the case of dissociative disorder therapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy can help people address and resolve underlying conflicts that drive dissociative symptoms. By gaining insight into the origins of their aversion to certain emotional states, they learn the deeper causes behind their dissociation. They become able toexperience emotions they had previously found intolerableand from which they had dissociated.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing(EMDR) therapy uses a novel technique in which the person receiving the treatment practices repetitive eye movements while revisiting a difficult memory to reprogram their response to that memory. The development of EMDR as a way to treat trauma andhas been shown to be effectivefor people with trauma histories and trauma-related disorders.
In a way, EMDR acts like a synthesis of CBT and psychodynamic therapy. Patients delve into memories like they would in psychodynamic psychotherapy and learn to reframe them as they would in CBT or DBT. This helps them develop different andless chargedways of reacting to these memories, often by forming new beliefs about them.
Treating Dissociative Disorders and Co-Occurring Disorders
It is rare for someone with a dissociative disorder not to have comorbid conditions, especially depression or anxiety. The most successful treatments for dissociative disorders address these co-occurring symptoms and conditions as well as unresolved trauma.
A special concern in dissociative disorder treatment isco-occurring substance use. It is not uncommon for people with trauma-related disorders to use substances as a form of self-medication. They may use substances to push away traumatic memories, soothe anxiety or even induce dissociation.
The combination of dissociation and substance abuse can be dangerous. Untreated psychiatric symptoms can cause substance dependence to develop quickly and intensely. In turn, substance use can exacerbate dissociative symptoms and comorbid anxiety and depression. In substance-induced dissociative states, people can feel so disconnected from the consequences of their actions that they become extremely self-destructive.
Related Topic:Aversion therapy
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