Panic disorder, sometimes called panic attack disorder, is characterized by acute attacks of intense fear and anxiety. Individuals may describe these attacks as feeling like a heart attack.
Panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder in which sudden feelings of terror arise seemingly out-of-the-blue. These panic attacks can happen anytime, anywhere and without warning. While panic disorder can be frightening, treatment can help reduce intense symptoms.
What is Panic Disorder?
Panic disorder, sometimes called panic attack disorder, is characterized by acute attacks of intense fear andanxiety. Individuals may describe these attacks as feeling like a heart attack. It is important to be clear that a single panic attack does not constitute a panic disorder. To meet the panic disorder definition, an individual must also experience ongoing concern or worry about future panic attacks.
Symptoms of Panic Disorder
Panic disorder symptoms include the presence of unexpected recurring panic attacks and ongoing worry or behavior change because of the panic attacks. While there are other reasons a person may experience a panic attack, one of the key signs of panic disorder is this anticipatory anxiety.
Additional symptoms of a panic attack include:
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- Rapid heartbeat
- Tightness in the chest and throat
- Shortness of breath
- Trembling or shaking
- Feelings of looming disaster
- Feelings of detachment and lack of control
- Numb or tingling sensations
- Abdominal cramping and vomiting
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Hot flashes
- Chills
- Sweating
No panic disorder severity scale easily measures the impact of the disorder on a person’s life. However, panic disorder is usually mild, moderate or severe. A mild panic disorder would be a person who only has a few attacks or does not experience high-intensity anticipatory anxiety. Moderate to severe panic disorder are when attacks happen frequently or the anxiety between attacks disrupts the individual’s life.
Causes of Panic Disorder
Panic disorder causes are largely unknown. The first panic attack usually does not follow a specific trigger but instead happens during a particularly stressful period. Following the first attack, anxiety about future attacks may begin to develop. Some individuals may experience panic attacks but not feel anxiety regarding possible future attacks. The difference between the people who have panic disorder and the people who do not is often assumed to be due to individual personality and baseline anxiety levels.
How Is Panic Disorder Diagnosed?
No panic disorder test can be administered to develop a diagnosis. Instead, a clinician must determine the presence of recurrent unexpected panic attacks. Once a clinician determines that a person has experienced panic attacks rather than some other medical event, the clinician can assess the level of distress caused after the attack. For people with a severe panic disorder, anticipatory anxiety may be so severe that they stop going to locations where they have had a panic attack previously. This anxiety can often result in the development of agoraphobia.
Who Is at Risk for Panic Disorder?
Panic disorder is overwhelmingly more common in women than men. Panic disorder usually develops between the teenage years and mid-life. It is rare for panic disorder to develop in young children or older adults. Panic disorder often runs in families. People with a close relative who has panic disorder may be predisposed to develop it themselves. Childhood separation anxiety may also cause a person to develop panic disorder later in life.
Panic Disorder Statistics
Years, after experiencing the initial panic attack and experiencing any panic attacks, about half of people with this disorder, will have made significant strides in recovering. However, about one-quarter of people still experience severe anticipatory anxiety even years after their last panic attack. As many as half of the people with panic disorder may develop a co-occurring depressive disorder.
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